Light travels from left to right. The arrows denote the polarization direction of E fields.
Rotate the polarizing axis and observe how the intensity changes.
Click on "Use Unpolarized Light" to change the light source to unpolarized light.

Drag the incoming ray to change the angle.
Observe when the transmitted (refracted) ray disappear (total internal reflection, or "TIR").
Is it possible to get TIR when the light ray enters from the side with smaller refractive index?

Drag to move the object, mirror, and to change the focal length.
Dragging the focal point to the other side of the mirror will change the mirror from converging to diverging and vice versa.
Click on "Switch Rays" to show one ray at a time.
This simulation focuses on showing the rules regarding the principle rays so the image is purposely omitted. See the next simulation to learn how to find the image.

Drag to move the object, mirror, and to change the focal length.
Dragging the focal point to the other side of the mirror will change the mirror from converging to diverging and vice versa.

Drag to move the object, and to change the focal lengths.
Dragging the focal points to the other side of the lens will change the lens from converging to diverging and vice versa.
Click on "Switch Rays" to show one principle ray at a time.
This simulation focuses on showing the rules regarding the principle rays so the image is purposely omitted. See the next simulation to learn how to find the image.

Drag to move the object, and to change the focal lengths.
Dragging the focal points to the other side of the lens will change the lens from converging to diverging and vice versa.

Drag to move the object, and to change the focal lengths.
Dragging the focal points to the other side of the lens will change the lens from converging to diverging and vice versa.